{"id":5249,"date":"2025-04-28T10:30:59","date_gmt":"2025-04-28T10:30:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sismoiberica.org\/efectes-indirectes-dels-terratremols\/"},"modified":"2025-04-28T10:30:59","modified_gmt":"2025-04-28T10:30:59","slug":"efectes-indirectes-dels-terratremols","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sismoiberica.org\/es\/efectes-indirectes-dels-terratremols\/","title":{"rendered":"Efectes indirectes dels terratr\u00e8mols"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"5249\" class=\"elementor elementor-5249 elementor-324\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-aadcdbf elementor-section-height-min-height elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-items-middle\" data-id=\"aadcdbf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee2e3f9\" data-id=\"ee2e3f9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-83040d8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"83040d8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Efectes indirectes dels terratr\u00e8mols<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d742a1e elementor-reverse-tablet elementor-reverse-mobile elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d742a1e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9e6e24f\" data-id=\"9e6e24f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eeb6974 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"eeb6974\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Els terratr\u00e8mols s\u00f3n ben coneguts per les p\u00e8rdues humanes, econ\u00f2miques i de patrimoni cultural que comporten. Tot i aix\u00f2, un terrratr\u00e8mol (\u00e9s a dir l&#8217;oscil\u00b7laci\u00f3 del terreny), per violent que sigui, no comporta un perill per a les vides humanes en si mateix. Tant \u00e9s aix\u00ed, que si experiment\u00e9ssim un hipot\u00e8tic terratr\u00e8mol de magnitud 10 a camp obert en una zona horitzontal damunt de material roc\u00f3s, segur que ens espantar\u00edem molt, per\u00f2 dif\u00edcilment prendr\u00edem cap mal.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7f3060b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7f3060b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El qu\u00e8 resulta extremadament perill\u00f3s dels terratr\u00e8mols s\u00f3n els seus efectes indirectes. Aquests si que poden ser f\u00e0cilment letals i provocar grans p\u00e8rdues i destrucci\u00f3.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c37eccd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c37eccd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" id=\"Modificaci\u00f3\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8767f11\" data-id=\"8767f11\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9f73b1c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9f73b1c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Els efectes indirectes m\u00e9s habituals dels terratr\u00e8mols s\u00f3n:<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-942e9ae elementor-widget elementor-widget-tp-navigation-menu-lite\" data-id=\"942e9ae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tp-navigation-menu-lite.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t<nav class=\"plus-navigation-wrap text-center nav-menu6ada713923d5f\" aria-label=\"EFECTES INDIRECTES\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"plus-navigation-inner menu-hover main-menu-indicator-none sub-menu-indicator-none \"  data-menu_transition=\"style-1\">\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"theplus-navigation-normal-menu\" class=\"collapse navbar-collapse navbar-ex1-collapse\">\n\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"plus-navigation-menu menu-horizontal\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"plus-navigation-menu menu-horizontal\"><ul id=\"menu-efectes-indirectes\" class=\"nav navbar-nav yamm menu-hover-none\"><li id=\"menu-item-3045\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom animate-dropdown menu-item-3045\" ><a title=\"Modificacio de la topografia\" href=\"https:\/\/sismoiberica.org\/efectes-indirectes-dels-terratremols\/#Modificaci\u00f3\" data-text=\"Modificacio de la topografia\">Modificacio de la topografia<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-3046\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom animate-dropdown menu-item-3046\" ><a title=\"Esllavissades en vessants\" href=\"https:\/\/sismoiberica.org\/efectes-indirectes-dels-terratremols\/#Esllavissades\" data-text=\"Esllavissades en vessants\">Esllavissades en vessants<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-3047\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom animate-dropdown menu-item-3047\" ><a title=\"Liq\u00fcefacci\u00f3\" href=\"https:\/\/sismoiberica.org\/efectes-indirectes-dels-terratremols\/#Liq\u00fcefacci\u00f3\" data-text=\"Liq\u00fcefacci\u00f3\">Liq\u00fcefacci\u00f3<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-3048\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom animate-dropdown menu-item-3048\" ><a title=\"Tsunamis\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/sismoiberica.org\/tsunamis\/\" data-text=\"Tsunamis\">Tsunamis<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-3049\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom animate-dropdown menu-item-3049\" ><a title=\"Desperfectes, destruccio i ensorrament dedificis\" href=\"https:\/\/sismoiberica.org\/efectes-indirectes-dels-terratremols\/#Desperfectes\" data-text=\"Desperfectes, destruccio i ensorrament dedificis\">Desperfectes, destruccio i ensorrament dedificis<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-3050\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom animate-dropdown menu-item-3050\" ><a title=\"Alteraci\u00f3 de l\u00ednies de transport, de subministraments i del sistema de salut\" href=\"https:\/\/sismoiberica.org\/efectes-indirectes-dels-terratremols\/#Alteraci\u00f3\" data-text=\"Alteraci\u00f3 de l\u00ednies de transport, de subministraments i del sistema de salut\">Alteraci\u00f3 de l\u00ednies de transport, de subministraments i del sistema de salut<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-3051\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom animate-dropdown menu-item-3051\" ><a title=\"Incendis i explosions\" href=\"https:\/\/sismoiberica.org\/efectes-indirectes-dels-terratremols\/#Incendis\" data-text=\"Incendis i explosions\">Incendis i explosions<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-3052\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom animate-dropdown menu-item-3052\" ><a title=\"Impactes en la salut a mitj\u00e0 termini\" href=\"https:\/\/sismoiberica.org\/efectes-indirectes-dels-terratremols\/#Impactes\" data-text=\"Impactes en la salut a mitj\u00e0 termini\">Impactes en la salut a mitj\u00e0 termini<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-3053\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom animate-dropdown menu-item-3053\" ><a title=\"Seleccio de material didactic\" href=\"https:\/\/sismoiberica.org\/efectes-indirectes-dels-terratremols\/#Selecci\u00f3\" data-text=\"Seleccio de material didactic\">Seleccio de material didactic<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"plus-mobile-nav-toggle navbar-header mobile-toggle\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<button type=\"button\" class=\"mobile-plus-toggle-menu plus-collapsed toggle-style-1\" data-target=\"#plus-mobile-nav-toggle-nav-menu6ada713923d5f\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"plus-mobile-nav-toggle-nav-menu6ada713923d5f\" aria-label=\"Toggle navigation\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"toggle-lines\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"toggle-line\"><\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"toggle-line\"><\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"plus-mobile-nav-toggle-nav-menu6ada713923d5f\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"plus-mobile-menu  collapse navbar-collapse navbar-ex1-collapse plus-mobile-menu-content \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/nav>\n\n\t\t<style>@media (min-width:992px){.plus-navigation-wrap.nav-menu6ada713923d5f #theplus-navigation-normal-menu{display: block!important;}.plus-navigation-wrap.nav-menu6ada713923d5f #plus-mobile-nav-toggle-nav-menu6ada713923d5f.collapse.in{display:none;}}@media (max-width:991px){.plus-navigation-wrap.nav-menu6ada713923d5f #theplus-navigation-normal-menu{display:none !important;}.plus-navigation-wrap.nav-menu6ada713923d5f .plus-mobile-nav-toggle.mobile-toggle{display: -webkit-flex;display: -moz-flex;display: -ms-flex;display: flex;-webkit-align-items: center;-moz-align-items: center;-ms-align-items: center;align-items: center;-webkit-justify-content: flex-end;-moz-justify-content: flex-end;-ms-justify-content: flex-end;justify-content: flex-end;}}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-775bf40 elementor-reverse-tablet elementor-reverse-mobile elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"775bf40\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-af0c25a\" data-id=\"af0c25a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4f3013a elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"4f3013a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-5c438f8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5c438f8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-ca05ed1\" data-id=\"ca05ed1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ec9a74f elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"ec9a74f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"664\" height=\"824\" src=\"https:\/\/sismoiberica.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Pre-Post_Tohoku_2011_detall.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-1263\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sismoiberica.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Pre-Post_Tohoku_2011_detall.jpg 664w, https:\/\/sismoiberica.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Pre-Post_Tohoku_2011_detall-242x300.jpg 242w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 664px) 100vw, 664px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5edc387 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5edc387\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Imatges a\u00e8ries de la zona portu\u00e0ria d&#8217;Ishinomaki (Jap\u00f3) abans i 8 dies despr\u00e9s del Terratr\u00e8mol i tsunami de Tohoku de l&#8217;11 de mar\u00e7 de 2011. Aquesta localitat va ser serverament afectada pel gran tsunami, amb elevaci\u00f3 del nivell de l&#8217;aigua de fins a 40,5 m sobre el nivell del mar.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c825f38 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c825f38\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4f50d8c\" data-id=\"4f50d8c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b9f08a3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b9f08a3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><br>Modificaci\u00f3 de la topografia<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7b86b44 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7b86b44\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>En terratr\u00e8mols relativament grans, de magnitud a partir de 6 i superiors, la <strong>superf\u00edcie de ruptura<\/strong> de la falla pot arribar a afectar la superf\u00edcie del terreny. En aquests casos, associat a la tra\u00e7a de la falla en superf\u00edcie, es generen formes del paisatge caracter\u00edstiques. En funci\u00f3 del tipus de moviment de la falla es poden formar <strong>escarpaments de falla<\/strong> (en falles normals), <strong>turons allargats<\/strong> (en falles inverses) i <strong>canals despla\u00e7ats<\/strong> lateralment (en falles direccionals), entre altres.<\/p><p>L&#8217;acumulaci\u00f3 de la deformaci\u00f3 al llarg de molts terratr\u00e8mols (per tant al llarg de centenars de milers d&#8217;anys) prop de la tra\u00e7a de falles actives tamb\u00e9 genera paisatges a escala regional, tal com fronts muntanyosos, facetes triangulars i conques (zones deprimides on s&#8217;afavoreix l&#8217;acumulaci\u00f3 de sediments) de diferents tipus.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3d7e3c6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3d7e3c6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b84e13\" data-id=\"8b84e13\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-426b0de elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"426b0de\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"Esllavissades\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Esllavissades en vessants<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcf1743 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"bcf1743\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Els terratr\u00e8mols, sobretot a partir de magnitud 4 en amunt, sovint poden desencadenar esllavissades en zones ja normalment propenses a moviments de vessant. Aquestes esllavissades, en el cas de molts terratr\u00e8mols, son la causa principal de p\u00e8rdues humanes i de destrucci\u00f3 d&#8217;elements antr\u00f2pics.<\/p><p>D&#8217;esllavissades n&#8217;hi ha de diversos tipus, en funci\u00f3 dels mecanismes de desencadenament i transport, dels materials mobilitzats, i de la proporci\u00f3 d&#8217;aigua disponible respecte al material roc\u00f3s. La pres\u00e8ncia d&#8217;aigua tendeix a reduir la resist\u00e8ncia a la deformaci\u00f3 dels materials superficials i, per tant, \u00e9s un factor clau en la mobilitzaci\u00f3 i el transport de la majoria de moviments en massa.<\/p><p>Una esllavissada s&#8217;inicia en el moment cr\u00edtic en qu\u00e8 els esfor\u00e7os (conjunt de forces) al vessant superen la seva resist\u00e8ncia a la deformaci\u00f3. La pres\u00e8ncia abundant d&#8217;aigua en les discontinu\u00eftats de la roca o b\u00e9 en la porositat de materials detr\u00edtics superficials genera una pressi\u00f3 interna que tendeix a reduir la resist\u00e8ncia a la cisalla del material i, per tant, a facilitar-ne l&#8217;esllavissament. Un vessant en condicions properes al punt cr\u00edtic d&#8217;esllavissament que es vegi afectat per les oscil\u00b7lacions d&#8217;un terratr\u00e8mol experimentar\u00e0 canvis r\u00e0pids i alternants en el seu camp d&#8217;esfor\u00e7os. Aix\u00f2 facilita que en algun moment d&#8217;aquestes oscil\u00b7lacions l&#8217;esfor\u00e7 de cisalla superi el llindar de resist\u00e8ncia dels materials del vessant i s&#8217;hi acabin produint esllavissades.<\/p><p>La perillositat de les esllavissades desencadenades per terratr\u00e8mols varia en funci\u00f3 del volum de material despla\u00e7at i la velocitat del moviment en massa. Les esllavissades m\u00e9s perilloses s\u00f3n les m\u00e9s r\u00e0pides i amb major volum involucrat, tals com allaus de roca i grans fluxos d&#8217;arrossegalls i de fang. Com m\u00e9s alta \u00e9s la velocitat menys factible \u00e9s efectuar una evacuaci\u00f3 d&#8217;una poblaci\u00f3 a temps. Tot i aix\u00f2, d&#8217;altres tipus d&#8217;esllavissades m\u00e9s lentes, com fluxos de terres, poden provocar tamb\u00e9 una gran destrucci\u00f3 degut als volums i gruixos elevats i la intensa deformaci\u00f3 que acaba experimentant el vessant. Els despreniments de roques es produeixen en vessants d&#8217;elevat pendent i, en funci\u00f3 de la seva magnitud, poden tamb\u00e9 tenir un efecte altament destructiu tot i que, generalment, d&#8217;abast m\u00e9s local comparat amb amb els casos anteriors.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5e8f376 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5e8f376\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7d2c70c\" data-id=\"7d2c70c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5e5342f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5e5342f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"Liq\u00fcefacci\u00f3\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Liq\u00fcefacci\u00f3<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b20434b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b20434b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La <strong>liq\u00fcefacci\u00f3<\/strong> es un proc\u00e9s f\u00edsic pel qual un material granulat (detr\u00edtic) saturat en aigua passa sobtadament d&#8217;un comportament s\u00f2lid a un comportament l\u00edquid i, per tant, amb capacitat de fluir. En estat de rep\u00f2s, el material granulat saturat d&#8217;aigua es comporta com un s\u00f2lid degut a les forces de fricci\u00f3 existents entre els grans. Una sacsejada com la que produeix un terratr\u00e8mol en aquests materials saturats en aigua t\u00e9 la capacitat d&#8217;induir una reorganitzaci\u00f3 dels grans detr\u00edtics, una reducci\u00f3 del nombre de punts de fricci\u00f3 entre els grans i la transfer\u00e8ncia moment\u00e0nia dels esfor\u00e7os al fluid que reomple la porositat. Amb aquest canvi momentani el material passa a tenir un comportament m\u00e9s semblant al del fluid intersticial i a ser capa\u00e7 de deformar-se i fluir r\u00e0pidament mentre es mant\u00e9 el moviment s\u00edsmic i tot just posteriorment.<\/p><p>La liq\u00fcefacci\u00f3 es pot produir a dist\u00e0ncies molt allunyades de l&#8217;epicentre d&#8217;un terratr\u00e8mol, sempre que les condicions dels materials siguin les id\u00f2nies i la intensitat de la sacsejada rebuda localment sigui suficient per induir el canvi de comportament.<\/p><p>La liq\u00fcefacci\u00f3 es pot produir en zones de vessants (sempre que siguin saturats d&#8217;aigua) on pot funcionar com a mecanisme desencadenant de fluxos d&#8217;arrossegalls i de fang, ja comentats en l&#8217;apartat anterior. Per\u00f2 t\u00edpicament, la liq\u00fcefacci\u00f3 tamb\u00e9 pot produir-se en zones mal drenades de molt baix pendent, tals com antigues zones lacustres actualment reblertes de sediments, terrasses fluvials, estuaris i ambients costaners amb pres\u00e8ncia de sorres i llims saturats d&#8217;aigua per l&#8217;efecte de nivells fre\u00e0tics elevats. En aquests casos el material flu\u00efdificat pot migrar seguint esquerdes o discontinu\u00eftats en la pila de sediments, formant el qu\u00e8 s&#8217;anomenen <strong>dics de sorra<\/strong>, o b\u00e9, si troba una esquerda connectada a la superf\u00edcie, ser extru\u00eft fins la superf\u00edcie, formant el qu\u00e8 s&#8217;anomenen <strong>volcans de fang<\/strong>. Els volcans de fang poden quedar alineats damunt la superf\u00edcie del terreny, seguint la tra\u00e7a de l&#8217;esquerda per on s&#8217;han expulsat les sorres i llims liq\u00fcefactats.<\/p><p>Construccions fonamentades damunt de materials sorrencs i llimosos saturats en aigua, poden perdre el suport de forma sobtada i experimentar enfonsament i col\u00b7lapse degut al fenomen de liq\u00fcefacci\u00f3. Un grau diferent d&#8217;enfonsament en diferents parts d&#8217;un edifici en poden provocar la inclinaci\u00f3 i destrucci\u00f3 totals.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section data-premium-element-link=\"{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;url&quot;,&quot;link&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\\\/\\\/sismoiberica.org\\\/tsunamis\\\/&quot;,&quot;is_external&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;nofollow&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;custom_attributes&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;href&quot;:&quot;https:\\\/\\\/sismoiberica.org\\\/tsunamis\\\/&quot;}\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b1af4f4 premium-wrapper-link-yes elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b1af4f4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1b34421\" data-id=\"1b34421\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-253c8e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"253c8e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tsunamis<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a92bda6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a92bda6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5195aa6\" data-id=\"5195aa6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-579aa95 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"579aa95\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Desperfectes, destrucci\u00f3 i ensorrament d'edificis<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4bf81a9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4bf81a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Qualsevol edifici o construcci\u00f3 \u00e9s sotm\u00e8s a les oscil\u00b7lacions de les ones s\u00edsmiques quan s&#8217;esdev\u00e9 un terratr\u00e8mol. Aquestes oscil\u00b7lacions poden augmentar significativament la seva intensitat per efecte de lloc o per liq\u00fcefacci\u00f3 dels materials geol\u00f2gics subjacents. Els esfor\u00e7os i grau de deformaci\u00f3 als quals se sotmet una construcci\u00f3 s\u00f3n m\u00e0xims quan el seu per\u00edode natural d&#8217;oscil\u00b7laci\u00f3 encaixa amb el per\u00edode d&#8217;oscil\u00b7laci\u00f3 del sisme i es produeix un fenomen de resson\u00e0ncia. Amb resson\u00e0ncia o sense, el vaiv\u00e9 s\u00edsmic sotmet l&#8217;edifici a uns esfor\u00e7os que posen a prova la resist\u00e8ncia dels materials i la t\u00e8cnica constructiva. Si els esfor\u00e7os als que se sotmet una construcci\u00f3 superen la seva resist\u00e8ncia a la deformaci\u00f3 el\u00e0stica es generen uns danys permanents. Aquests danys poden ser desperfectes no estructurals, tals com esquerdes menors o despreniment parcial de revestiments o falsos sostres, fins a afectacions estructurals que poden provocar el col\u00b7lapse parcial o la destrucci\u00f3 total de l&#8217;edifici.<\/p><p>L&#8217;ensorrament parcial o total d&#8217;edificis \u00e9s la causa principal de la p\u00e8rdua de vides durant terratr\u00e8mols. L&#8217;atrapament de persones sota els edificis explica aproximadament 3\/4 parts de les aproximadament 750.000 morts que, segons l&#8217;Organitzaci\u00f3 Mundial de la Salut, es van produir entre 1998 i 2017 derivades dels terratr\u00e8mols. M\u00e9s de 125 milions de persones es van veure afectades durant aquest per\u00edode de 20 anys per l&#8217;efecte de terratr\u00e8mols, pel fet d&#8217;haver quedat ferides, sense llar i despla\u00e7ades o evacuades de forma for\u00e7osa almenys durant la fase d&#8217;emerg\u00e8ncia.<\/p><p>La vulnerabilitat dels edificis dep\u00e8n de factors diversos entre els quals hi ha l&#8217;antiguitat de l&#8217;edifici, la qualitat del disseny, dels materials, i de la t\u00e8cnica constructiva, distribuci\u00f3 de pesos, grau d&#8217;inspecci\u00f3 i manteniment, i la densitat de poblaci\u00f3. Tots aquests factors depenen de forma m\u00e9s o menys directa dels materials disponibles, de la tradici\u00f3 constructiva de cada pa\u00eds, del nivell econ\u00f2mic i de les desigualtats socials, del grau de coneixement existent sobre la perillositat s\u00edsmica, de la legislaci\u00f3 vigent i la capacitat de l&#8217;administraci\u00f3 de fer-la complir, i de factors sociopol\u00edtics i culturals tals com el grau de corrupci\u00f3 dels agents implicats.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b8ff29d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b8ff29d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-bee7fe9\" data-id=\"bee7fe9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c67eff8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c67eff8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"Alteraci\u00f3\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Alteraci\u00f3 de l\u00ednies de transport, de subministraments i del sistema de salut<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-245595e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"245595e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTerratr\u00e8mols destructius tendeixen a generar una s\u00e8rie d&#8217;alteracions que poden reduir dr\u00e0sticament la capacitat de recuperaci\u00f3 i alentir la reconstrucci\u00f3. Algunes d&#8217;aquestes afectacions s\u00f3n:\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4987219 elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"4987219\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-dot-circle\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">trencament de canonades d'aigua i de gas i afectaci\u00f3 de la xarxa de distribuci\u00f3 el\u00e8ctrica, d'energia i de telecomunicacions;<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-dot-circle\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">interrupci\u00f3 o disminuci\u00f3 dr\u00e0stica de la capacitat de serveis p\u00fablics essencials tals com els centres de salut, ensenyament, bombers i policia, aix\u00ed com l'acc\u00e9s a aquests serveis per part de la poblaci\u00f3;<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-dot-circle\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">interrupcions a la xarxa de transports terrestre (carreteres, ponts i viaductes) i a les infraestructures portu\u00e0ries directament afectades per la sacsejada s\u00edsmica, esllavissades o tsunamis. Disrupci\u00f3 de les cadenes de subministrament i distribuci\u00f3 de bens essencials (aliment, aigua i medicaments) i industrials amb una gran afectaci\u00f3 durant l'emerg\u00e8ncia i posteriorment. La capacitat de treball i productiva de la zona damnificada en pot quedar severament afectada i la capacitat de recuperaci\u00f3 es pot reduir de forma dr\u00e0stica sense la implementaci\u00f3 d'ajuts externs.<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-70684c4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"70684c4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-bbeb52e\" data-id=\"bbeb52e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6b85034 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6b85034\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"Incendis\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Incendis i explosions<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e7c3045 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e7c3045\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El trencament de conduccions de gas durant un terratr\u00e8mol afavoreix l&#8217;aparici\u00f3 d&#8217;explosions i incendis que hist\u00f2ricament i en els nostres dies se sumen a l&#8217;efecte destructiu de la sacsejada s\u00edsmica. La proliferaci\u00f3 de focs desencadenats sincr\u00f2nicament i les dificultats d&#8217;acc\u00e9s per part dels bombers als llocs afectats durant l&#8217;emerg\u00e8ncia fa que els incendis contribueixin en gran mesura a incrementar encara m\u00e9s la destrucci\u00f3 d&#8217;infraestructures i la p\u00e8rdua de vides humanes durant la majoria de sismes destructius.<\/p><p>Els incendis associats a terratr\u00e8mols s\u00f3n la segona causa de p\u00e8rdua de vides humanes associades als terratr\u00e8mols, per davant les generades per d&#8217;altres efectes indirectes, tals com les esllavissades.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a1b7107 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a1b7107\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7546cc8\" data-id=\"7546cc8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a32134e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a32134e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"Impactes\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Impactes en la salut a mitj\u00e0 termini<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7283ddc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7283ddc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA part de les v\u00edctimes produ\u00efdes durant el terratr\u00e8mol i els dies just posteriors, un terratr\u00e8mol destructiu sovint t\u00e9 conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncies sobre la salut p\u00fablica a mitj\u00e0 termini. Aquest aspecte \u00e9s m\u00e9s acusat com m\u00e9s redu\u00efts s\u00f3n el grau d&#8217;organitzaci\u00f3 i de recursos econ\u00f2mics del pa\u00eds damnificat. Les afectacions principals a la salut p\u00fablica provenen de:\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6bde353 elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"6bde353\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-dot-circle\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">infeccions de ferides no tractades<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-dot-circle\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">increment de la morbiditat i risc de complicacions associades a embarassos i naixements degut a una interrupci\u00f3 dels serveis d'obstetr\u00edcia i neonatals<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-dot-circle\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">risc potencial de malalties infeccioses, especialment en zones superpoblades<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-dot-circle\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">increment de la morbiditat i risc de complicacions de malalties cr\u00f2niques degudes a interrupci\u00f3 dels tractaments<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-dot-circle\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">increment de necessitats psico-socials<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-dot-circle\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">contaminaci\u00f3 ambiental potencial per agents qu\u00edmics\/radiol\u00f2gics associats a destrucci\u00f3 d'infraestructures industrials<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a86f6dc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a86f6dc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2eb1165\" data-id=\"2eb1165\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bff3127 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bff3127\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Selecci\u00f3 de material did\u00e0ctic<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-bcfbfaa elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"bcfbfaa\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e258f12\" data-id=\"e258f12\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-360e7cd elementor-section-content-middle elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"360e7cd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-b1ab88c\" data-id=\"b1ab88c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eef808d elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"eef808d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=hRxXtblKvvQ\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"483\" height=\"271\" src=\"https:\/\/sismoiberica.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Imagen1-1.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-5251\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sismoiberica.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Imagen1-1.png 483w, https:\/\/sismoiberica.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Imagen1-1-300x168.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 483px) 100vw, 483px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-61e9dc7\" data-id=\"61e9dc7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-588daba elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"588daba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=29ht6SSWQMs\" target=\"_blank\">Liq\u00fcefacci\u00f3 quan sacsegem sorres i llims saturats d'aigua.<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-40fe48f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"40fe48f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em><strong>Durada: <\/strong>2&#8217;33\u00bb<\/em><\/p><p><em><strong>Nivell d&#8217;ensenyament:<\/strong> ESO<\/em><\/p><p><em><strong>Llengua:<\/strong> Angl\u00e8s<\/em><\/p><p><em><b>T\u00edtol original: <\/b>Example of liquefaction 2<\/em><\/p><p><em><b>Autor: <\/b>Matt Robinson<\/em><\/p><p><em><strong>E<\/strong><b>nlla\u00e7:<\/b>\u00a0<\/em><i>https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/<br \/>watch?v=29ht6SSWQMs<\/i><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-1fb4600\" data-id=\"1fb4600\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-45b7703 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"45b7703\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>El v\u00eddeo mostra el canvi de comportament de sorres i llims saturats en aigua en una zona d&#8217;estuari a marea baixa pel proc\u00e9s de liq\u00fcefacci\u00f3 provocat per una sacsejada. Els materials inicialment tenen el comportament d&#8217;un s\u00f2lid r\u00edgid. Quan en Matt fa vibrar els materials amb un bast\u00f3 i copeja r\u00edtmicament la superf\u00edcie amb els peus els materials passen a tenir un comportament s\u00f2lid el\u00e0stic i a mesura que intensifica els esfor\u00e7os oscil\u00b7lants acaba adoptant un comportament d&#8217;un l\u00edquid visc\u00f3s, capa\u00e7 de fluir i deformar-se r\u00e0pidament sota els seus peus. El resultat \u00e9s que la superf\u00edcie que inicialment sostenia pr\u00e0cticament sense deformaci\u00f3 el pes d&#8217;en Matt passa a deformar-se r\u00e0pidament sota el mateix pes. En Matt coneix b\u00e9 el comportament d&#8217;aquests materials, cosa que li permet de no quedar-hi atrapat. Els terratr\u00e8mols que sacsegen materials similars als del v\u00eddeo sovint produeixen enfonsament i volcament d&#8217;edificis.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Efectes indirectes dels terratr\u00e8mols Els terratr\u00e8mols s\u00f3n ben coneguts per les p\u00e8rdues humanes, econ\u00f2miques i de patrimoni cultural que comporten. Tot i aix\u00f2, un terrratr\u00e8mol (\u00e9s a dir l&#8217;oscil\u00b7laci\u00f3 del terreny), per violent que sigui, no comporta un perill per a les vides humanes en si mateix. Tant \u00e9s aix\u00ed, que si experiment\u00e9ssim un hipot\u00e8tic [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-5249","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sismoiberica.org\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5249","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sismoiberica.org\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sismoiberica.org\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sismoiberica.org\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sismoiberica.org\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5249"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/sismoiberica.org\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5249\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sismoiberica.org\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5249"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}