{"id":5252,"date":"2025-04-28T10:30:47","date_gmt":"2025-04-28T10:30:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sismoiberica.org\/intensitat-sismica-i-escales-dintensitat\/"},"modified":"2025-04-28T10:30:47","modified_gmt":"2025-04-28T10:30:47","slug":"intensitat-sismica-i-escales-dintensitat","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sismoiberica.org\/es\/intensitat-sismica-i-escales-dintensitat\/","title":{"rendered":"Intensitat s\u00edsmica i escales d&#8217;intensitat"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"5252\" class=\"elementor elementor-5252 elementor-322\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7c5c21e elementor-section-height-min-height elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-items-middle\" data-id=\"7c5c21e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-64f97e9\" data-id=\"64f97e9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0547fc3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0547fc3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Intensitat s\u00edsmica i escales d'intensitat<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-294c182 elementor-reverse-tablet elementor-reverse-mobile elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"294c182\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d41257a\" data-id=\"d41257a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a7ca5cb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a7ca5cb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Intensitat \u00e9s un valor num\u00e8ric discret que indica els efectes que un sisme ha produ\u00eft a les persones, als edificis i a l&#8217;entorn natural. Un mateix sisme es pot manifestar amb intensitats molt variables en diferents localitats, depenent de la dist\u00e0ncia al focus s\u00edsmic i d&#8217;altres caracter\u00edstiques del terreny.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11a81fb elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"11a81fb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-22764ba elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"22764ba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Apartats pricipals d'aquesta p\u00e0gina:<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f54df32 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"f54df32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div data-premium-element-link=\"{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;url&quot;,&quot;link&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\\\/\\\/sismoiberica.org\\\/intensitat-sismica-i-escales-dintensitat\\\/#Escales&quot;,&quot;is_external&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;nofollow&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;custom_attributes&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;href&quot;:&quot;https:\\\/\\\/sismoiberica.org\\\/intensitat-sismica-i-escales-dintensitat\\\/#Escales&quot;}\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-564f405 premium-wrapper-link-yes elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget-mobile__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"564f405\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"no-glossary\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Escales d&#8217;intensitat<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-premium-element-link=\"{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;url&quot;,&quot;link&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\\\/\\\/sismoiberica.org\\\/intensitat-sismica-i-escales-dintensitat\\\/#Atenuacio&quot;,&quot;is_external&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;nofollow&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;custom_attributes&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;href&quot;:&quot;https:\\\/\\\/sismoiberica.org\\\/intensitat-sismica-i-escales-dintensitat\\\/#Atenuacio&quot;}\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9a44b2f premium-wrapper-link-yes elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget-mobile__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9a44b2f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"no-glossary\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Atenuaci\u00f3 de la intensitat amb la dist\u00e0ncia a l&#8217;epicentre<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0b5f9ea e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"0b5f9ea\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div data-premium-element-link=\"{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;url&quot;,&quot;link&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\\\/\\\/sismoiberica.org\\\/intensitat-sismica-i-escales-dintensitat\\\/#Modificacio&quot;,&quot;is_external&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;nofollow&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;custom_attributes&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;href&quot;:&quot;https:\\\/\\\/sismoiberica.org\\\/intensitat-sismica-i-escales-dintensitat\\\/#Modificacio&quot;}\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d658552 premium-wrapper-link-yes elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget-mobile__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d658552\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Modificaci\u00f3 de l&#8217;amplitud de l&#8217;ona per efecte del s\u00f2l o de lloc<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-premium-element-link=\"{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;url&quot;,&quot;link&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\\\/\\\/sismoiberica.org\\\/intensitat-sismica-i-escales-dintensitat\\\/#Seleccio&quot;,&quot;is_external&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;nofollow&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;custom_attributes&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;href&quot;:&quot;https:\\\/\\\/sismoiberica.org\\\/intensitat-sismica-i-escales-dintensitat\\\/#Seleccio&quot;}\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f4b7825 premium-wrapper-link-yes elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget-mobile__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f4b7825\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Selecci\u00f3 de material docent<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ec5bc5f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ec5bc5f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-0f34dec\" data-id=\"0f34dec\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-premium-element-link=\"{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;url&quot;,&quot;link&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\\\/\\\/sismoiberica.org\\\/intensitat-sismica-i-escales-dintensitat\\\/#Escales&quot;,&quot;is_external&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;nofollow&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;custom_attributes&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;href&quot;:&quot;https:\\\/\\\/sismoiberica.org\\\/intensitat-sismica-i-escales-dintensitat\\\/#Escales&quot;}\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36d81e0 premium-wrapper-link-yes elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"36d81e0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"Escales\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e638629 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e638629\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><br>Escales d'intensitat<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a6256ab elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a6256ab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La primera classificaci\u00f3 simple de la intensitat de terratr\u00e8mols es va proposar a la d\u00e8cada de 1780 i la primera escala d&#8217;intensitats pr\u00f2piament dita data de l&#8217;any 1828. El primer mapa d&#8217;intensitats s\u00edsmiques es va fer a la regi\u00f3 afectada pel Gran Terratr\u00e8mol Napolit\u00e0 de 1857.<\/p><p>El sism\u00f2leg Giuseppe Mercalli, l&#8217;any 1902, va proposar una escala d&#8217;intensitats amb una subdivisi\u00f3 en 12 graus, que va ser una de les primeres adoptades \u00e0mpliament. Aquesta escala va ser posteriorment millorada durant la d\u00e8cada de 1950 i va passar a anomenar-se Escala de Mercalli Modificada (o MMS, d&#8217;acord amb les seves sigles en angl\u00e8s), amb la introducci\u00f3 de les seg\u00fcents millores:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7f508e2 elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"7f508e2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-dot-circle\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">estableix una correlaci\u00f3 entre la intensitat s\u00edsmica i l'acceleraci\u00f3 punta del terreny <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peak_ground_acceleration\" target=\"_blank\">(Peak Ground Acceleration, en angl\u00e8s, o PGA)<\/a><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-dot-circle\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">inclou una subdivisi\u00f3 de tipus de construccions, en funci\u00f3 de la seva resist\u00e8ncia, com a indicador del nivells de danys. Aquesta definici\u00f3 permet avaluar la intensitat a partir de la vulnerabilitat de certs tipus d'estructures.<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ac0a922 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ac0a922\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Les escales d&#8217;intensitat s\u00edsmica m\u00e9s emprades actualment a Europa s\u00f3n les MSK-64, o b\u00e9 la seva actualitzaci\u00f3, anomenada EMS-98. Ambdues consideren una diferenciaci\u00f3 en graus del I fins al XII, corresponent a una escala creixent de severitat dels efectes. Els valors d&#8217;intensitat s&#8217;expressen mitjan\u00e7ant nombres romans i, per tant, no accepten decimals. Els sismes de grau VI i VII causen danys lleus, els d&#8217;intensitat VII a IX s\u00f3n destructius i a partir del grau X s\u00f3n catastr\u00f2fics. La intensitat es determina a partir d&#8217;informaci\u00f3 sobre els efectes del terratr\u00e8mol que es recull per observaci\u00f3 directa i d&#8217;enquestes a la poblaci\u00f3 que l&#8217;ha experimentat.<\/p><p>En casos reals, a efectes pr\u00e0ctics, en l&#8217;estimaci\u00f3 de la intensitat de terratr\u00e8mols, es recomana:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-537213c elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"537213c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-dot-circle\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">no considerar fraccions inferiors a la unitat dins l'escala d'intensitat<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-dot-circle\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">arrodonir a la baixa qualsevol increment que no arribi a un nombre enter de l'escala.<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9939334 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9939334\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Per a obtenir una descripci\u00f3 detallada de l&#8217;estructura, conceptes i graus diferenciats en l&#8217;escala EMS-98 clica a aquest <a href=\"https:\/\/www.icgc.cat\/ca\/Escala-dintensitat-macrosismica-europea-1998-EMS-98\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">enlla\u00e7<\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4fc4793 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4fc4793\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"MsoNormal\">A partir de la d\u00e8cada de 1990 tamb\u00e9 es va veure convenient\ncomptar amb una escala d&#8217;intensitats complement\u00e0ria a les anteriors, que es\nbas\u00e9s en les alteracions que generen els terratr\u00e8mols als sistemes naturals. Aquesta\nidea es consolida l&#8217;any 2007 amb la proposta de l&#8217;escala d&#8217;Intensitat S\u00edsmica\nAmbiental (ESI 2007). Aquesta escala es recomana \u00fanicament en els casos on els\nefectes sobre humans o estructures antr\u00f2piques s\u00f3n escasses o inexistents (per\nexemple en zones des\u00e8rtiques) i on les escales d&#8217;intensitat de refer\u00e8ncia\nqueden saturades (\u00e9s a dir, que no permeten discriminar prou b\u00e9 entre les\nintensitats X a XII). Els efectes co-sismics m\u00e9s diagn\u00f2stics per discriminar\nentre aquestes intensitats s\u00f3n, entre els efectes primaris, fallament de la\nsuperf\u00edcie i aixecament o subsid\u00e8ncia tect\u00f2nica i, entre els efectes\nsecundaris, moviments en massa, esquerdes al terreny, liq\u00fcefacci\u00f3, blocs\ndespla\u00e7ats, tsunami i anomalies hidrol\u00f2giques. L&#8217;escala ESI 2007 segueix la\nmateixa estructura de divisi\u00f3 en XII graus que les escales d&#8217;intensitat basades\nen els danys en elements antr\u00f2pics.<o:p><\/o:p><\/p><p>\n\n<\/p><p class=\"MsoNormal\">Per obtenir una descripci\u00f3 gr\u00e0fica dels efectes dels\nterratr\u00e8mols sobre el sistema natural que s&#8217;utilitzen per discriminar entre els\nnivells d&#8217;intensitats tal i com es defineixen a l&#8217;escala ESI 2007 clica en\naquest <a href=\"https:\/\/www.isprambiente.gov.it\/contentfiles\/00004800\/4888-esi-2007-chart.pdf\">enlla\u00e7<\/a>.<o:p><\/o:p><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-142f61c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"142f61c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-30e35c2\" data-id=\"30e35c2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-premium-element-link=\"{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;url&quot;,&quot;link&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\\\/\\\/sismoiberica.org\\\/intensitat-sismica-i-escales-dintensitat\\\/#Atenuacio&quot;,&quot;is_external&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;nofollow&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;custom_attributes&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;href&quot;:&quot;https:\\\/\\\/sismoiberica.org\\\/intensitat-sismica-i-escales-dintensitat\\\/#Atenuacio&quot;}\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d73bdf4 premium-wrapper-link-yes elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"d73bdf4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"Atenuacio\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0ed4b05 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0ed4b05\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"Atenuaci\u00f3\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Atenuaci\u00f3 de la intensitat amb la dist\u00e0ncia a l'epicentre<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7d29afb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7d29afb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La intensitat que es percep a la zona epicentral d&#8217;un terratr\u00e8mol generalment s&#8217;atenua amb la dist\u00e0ncia degut principalment a la suma de dos fen\u00f2mens:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b955b6d elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"b955b6d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-dot-circle\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">p\u00e8rdues d'energia degut a la fricci\u00f3 en els materials geol\u00f2gics que transmeten l'ona.<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-dot-circle\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">per una q\u00fcesti\u00f3 purament geom\u00e8trica: l'energia continguda en una ona a l'epicentre es concentra en una zona molt petita. En allunyar-se del centre, de forma aproximadament conc\u00e8ntrica, l'energia de l'ona a grans trets es conserva per\u00f2 es va repartint en per\u00edmetres cada cop m\u00e9s grans. Aix\u00f2 fa que l'ona experimentada a localitats cada cop m\u00e9s allunyades rebin menys energia per unitat de superf\u00edcie (una amplitud d'ona redu\u00efda respecte a la inicial). \u00c9s el mateix que passa amb les ones que s'allunyen del punt d'impacte d'una pedra en un bassal, o l'atenuaci\u00f3 amb la dist\u00e0ncia de la llum d'una bombeta, o del so d'un petard de Sant Joan.<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08d495e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"08d495e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La seg\u00fcent figura mostra gr\u00e0ficament com es redueixen les intensitats dels terratr\u00e8mols a mesura que s&#8217;augmenta la dist\u00e0ncia a l&#8217;epicentre, a causa dels fen\u00f2mens d&#8217;atenuaci\u00f3 de les ones s\u00edsmiques.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f4f4487 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"f4f4487\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-19c6475 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"19c6475\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"576\" height=\"418\" src=\"https:\/\/sismoiberica.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Imagen4.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-5253\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sismoiberica.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Imagen4.png 576w, https:\/\/sismoiberica.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Imagen4-300x218.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 576px) 100vw, 576px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f242406 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f242406\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Gr\u00e0fic que mostra com, de forma general, es redueix la intensitat d&#8217;un terratr\u00e8mol a mesura que ens allunyem de la zona epicentral en una regi\u00f3. Les corbes m\u00e9s gruixudes corresponen a valors enters de la magnitud expressada en l&#8217;escala Ms, i les corbes en l\u00ednia discont\u00ednua corresponen divisions decimals. Per exemple, la figura indica que un terratr\u00e8mol de magnitud Ms igual a 4.0 s&#8217;experimenta amb una intensitat IV a la zona epicentral, amb intensitat III entre 6 i 30 km de dist\u00e0ncia, amb intensitat II entre 30 i 70 km i amb intensitat I entre 70 i aproximadament 150 km de dist\u00e0ncia. Noteu que l&#8217;escala vertical d&#8217;intensitats no t\u00e9 valors decimals i que l&#8217;eix horitzontal de dist\u00e0ncies est\u00e0 representat mitjan\u00e7ant una escala logar\u00edtmica. Gr\u00e0fic modificat i adaptat per Raimon Pall\u00e0s (RISKNAT), a partir de gr\u00e0fics originals extrets de <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10950-020-09965-w\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10950-020-09965-w<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9fb7ba2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9fb7ba2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>El gr\u00e0fic anterior. permet imaginar com varien generalment els valors d&#8217;intensitat a mesura que ens allunyem de l&#8217;epicentre d&#8217;un terratr\u00e8mol. La recerca en sismologia sobre el comportament observat de molts terratr\u00e8mols en una regi\u00f3 determinada, permet desenvolupar les equacions que permeten construir aquests tipus de gr\u00e0fics. A cada regi\u00f3, en funci\u00f3 de les seves caracter\u00edstiques, s&#8217;hi adaptar\u00e0 una funci\u00f3 o una altra, i per tant, cada zona necessitar\u00e0 un gr\u00e0fic lleugerament diferent per tal de reflectir l&#8217;atenuaci\u00f3 de forma realista.<\/p><p>Cal tenir en compte, a m\u00e9s, que la figura anterior \u00e9s una gran simplificaci\u00f3 de la la realitat: l&#8217;atenuaci\u00f3 de la intensitat amb la dist\u00e0ncia a l&#8217;epicentre tamb\u00e9 est\u00e0 condicionada per la profunditat de l&#8217;hipocentre, factor no contemplat a la figura. A igualtat d&#8217;intensitat epicentral, en el cas d&#8217;un terratr\u00e8mol som, la reducci\u00f3 de la intensitat amb la dist\u00e0ncia tendeix a ser m\u00e9s r\u00e0pida que en el cas d&#8217;un terratr\u00e8mol profund.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e1b4a19 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e1b4a19\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b42809e\" data-id=\"b42809e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-premium-element-link=\"{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;url&quot;,&quot;link&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\\\/\\\/sismoiberica.org\\\/intensitat-sismica-i-escales-dintensitat\\\/#Modificacio&quot;,&quot;is_external&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;nofollow&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;custom_attributes&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;href&quot;:&quot;https:\\\/\\\/sismoiberica.org\\\/intensitat-sismica-i-escales-dintensitat\\\/#Modificacio&quot;}\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ac450e premium-wrapper-link-yes elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"2ac450e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"Modificacio\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ae27a1f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ae27a1f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"Modificaci\u00f3\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Modificaci\u00f3 de l'amplitud de l'ona per efecte de s\u00f2l o de lloc<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11b4c95 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11b4c95\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Les ones s\u00edsmiques que arriben amb una determinada amplitud a una localitzaci\u00f3 determinada es poden veure modificades (redu\u00efdes o ampliades) depenent del comportament mec\u00e0nic dels materials del subsol. Aquest fenomen s&#8217;anomena <strong>efecte de s\u00f2l<\/strong> o <strong>efecte de lloc <\/strong>i afecta els materials situats fins a algunes desenes de metres per sota la superf\u00edcie del terreny, on es fonamenta qualsevol construcci\u00f3 o edifici.<\/p><p>Si hi ha contrastos marcats del tipus de materials al subs\u00f2l, aquest efecte pot provocar difer\u00e8ncies rellevants en l&#8217;amplitud, freq\u00fc\u00e8ncia i durada de les ones s\u00edsmiques, i per tant tamb\u00e9 en el grau de destrucci\u00f3 fins i tot dins d&#8217;un mateix barri. Per aix\u00f2, especialment en el cas d&#8217;infraestructures cr\u00edtiques, la valoraci\u00f3 acurada de l&#8217;efecte de lloc \u00e9s un aspecte molt rellevant que requereix dur a terme estudis sismol\u00f2gics locals especialment dissenyats per determinar les caracter\u00edstiques i gruix dels materials superficials i el seu comportament s\u00edsmic.<\/p><p>Les zones on l&#8217;amplitud de l&#8217;ona s\u00edsmica es pot veure m\u00e9s incrementada per l&#8217;efecte de lloc \u00e9s on el subsol superficial est\u00e0 format per sediments detr\u00edtics fins (argiles, llims i sorres) sense consolidar (com, per exemple, zones on hi havia hagut un llac o maresmes actualment reblertes o dessecades). En el cas que la porositat dels sediments mantingui un elevat contingut en aigua, l&#8217;amplificaci\u00f3 de l&#8217;ona s\u00edsmica pot ser encara m\u00e9s acusada i generar intensitats, fins i tot, m\u00e9s elevades que en la zona epicentral.<\/p><p>A part dels materials superficials, localment tamb\u00e9 es pot produir una amplificaci\u00f3 an\u00f2mala de l&#8217;amplitud de les ones s\u00edsmiques en funci\u00f3 de certes caracter\u00edstiques topogr\u00e0fiques, tals com:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-620a5c6 elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"620a5c6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-dot-circle\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Ubicacions damunt de turons o prop de canvis bruscos de pendent;<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-dot-circle\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Els vessants de fort pendent, en zones amb valls encaixades, actuen com si fossin miralls, reflectint les ones s\u00edsmiques, que hi queden atrapades. Aix\u00f2 genera construcci\u00f3 d'ones (augment de l'amplitud de l'ona) i destrucci\u00f3 d'ones per interfer\u00e8ncies m\u00faltiples, amb una gran varietat de resultats a nivell local.<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-dot-circle\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">La forma en planta de les valls en zones muntanyoses tamb\u00e9 t\u00e9 repercussions en l'amplitud de les ones resultants, depenent de la posici\u00f3 del focus s\u00edsmic. Diferents direccions d'arribada dels trens d'ones s\u00edsmiques generen patrons d'interfer\u00e8ncies diferents, de manera que en resulten amplituds diferents depenent de la localitzaci\u00f3 del focus del terratr\u00e8mol.<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-f8e3530 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"f8e3530\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-0085b43\" data-id=\"0085b43\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-premium-element-link=\"{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;url&quot;,&quot;link&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\\\/\\\/sismoiberica.org\\\/intensitat-sismica-i-escales-dintensitat\\\/#Seleccio&quot;,&quot;is_external&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;nofollow&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;custom_attributes&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;href&quot;:&quot;https:\\\/\\\/sismoiberica.org\\\/intensitat-sismica-i-escales-dintensitat\\\/#Seleccio&quot;}\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-adbfa8f premium-wrapper-link-yes elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"adbfa8f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"Seleccio\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-414d137 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"414d137\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" id=\"Selecci\u00f3\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Selecci\u00f3 de material docent<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3c9b8ed elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3c9b8ed\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-772267d\" data-id=\"772267d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-51b405e elementor-section-content-middle elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"51b405e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-1ed1ecb\" data-id=\"1ed1ecb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b50edff elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b50edff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iris.edu\/hq\/inclass\/animation\/buildings__bedrock_effects_of_amplification__liquefaction\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"354\" height=\"267\" src=\"https:\/\/sismoiberica.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Imagen5.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-5254\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sismoiberica.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Imagen5.png 354w, https:\/\/sismoiberica.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Imagen5-300x226.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 354px) 100vw, 354px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-9dd45a6\" data-id=\"9dd45a6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3d683d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c3d683d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.iris.edu\/hq\/inclass\/animation\/buildings__bedrock_effects_of_amplification__liquefaction\" target=\"_blank\">Efecte dels materials superficials en l'amplificaci\u00f3 dels diferents tipus d'ones s\u00edsmiques<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2195eaf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2195eaf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em><strong>Durada: <\/strong><\/em><em>1&#8217;28\u00bb<\/em><\/p><p><em><strong>Nivell d&#8217;ensenyament:<\/strong>ESO\u00a0<\/em><\/p><p><em><strong>Llengua:<\/strong> Angl\u00e8s<\/em><\/p><p><em><b>T\u00edtol:<\/b> \u00bfHow will three buildings, engineered equally, on different bedrock react to an earthquake? Buildings &amp; Bedrock: Effects of amplification &amp; liquefaction.<\/em><\/p><p><em><b>Font: <\/b>EarthScope Consortium.\u00a0<\/em><\/p><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: left;\" align=\"right\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.iris.edu\/hq\/inclass\/animation\/buildings__bedrock_effects_of_amplification__liquefaction\"><i>https:\/\/www.iris.edu\/hq\/inclass\/animation\/ buildings__bedrock_effects_of_ amplification__liquefaction<\/i><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-6e172b1\" data-id=\"6e172b1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f8cda36 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f8cda36\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>El v\u00eddeo il\u00b7lustra de forma molt clara com poden afectar els materials superficials en l&#8217;amplificaci\u00f3 de les ones s\u00edsmiques de diferents tipus. Edificis amb estructures equivalents per\u00f2 empla\u00e7ats en tres tipus diferents de materials (substrat roc\u00f3s, sediments poc consolidats, i sorres i fangs saturats d&#8217;aigua) experimenten diferents amplituds d&#8217;ona i, per tant, intensitats diferents. L&#8217;amplificaci\u00f3 de les ones \u00e9s notable en materials poc consolidats. especialment si s\u00f3n materials de gra fi (sorres i fangs) saturats d&#8217;aigua.<\/em><\/p><p><em>Aquest efecte d&#8217;amplificaci\u00f3 \u00e9s poc acusat en el cas de les ones P, m\u00e9s notable en el cas de les ones S, i encara m\u00e9s marcat en el cas de les ones superficials. L&#8217;amplificaci\u00f3 de les ones s\u00edsmiques en materials fins saturats d&#8217;aigua pot induir la liq\u00fcefacci\u00f3 (pas sobtat de comportament s\u00f2lid a l\u00edquid) dels materials superficials, capa\u00e7 de de provocar l&#8217;enfonsament o el volcament fins i tot d&#8217;estructures ben constru\u00efdes amb criteri sismo-resistent. Les ones de baixa freq\u00fc\u00e8ncia i elevada amplitud s\u00f3n les m\u00e9s destructives.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Intensitat s\u00edsmica i escales d&#8217;intensitat Intensitat \u00e9s un valor num\u00e8ric discret que indica els efectes que un sisme ha produ\u00eft a les persones, als edificis i a l&#8217;entorn natural. Un mateix sisme es pot manifestar amb intensitats molt variables en diferents localitats, depenent de la dist\u00e0ncia al focus s\u00edsmic i d&#8217;altres caracter\u00edstiques del terreny. Apartats [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-5252","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sismoiberica.org\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5252","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sismoiberica.org\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sismoiberica.org\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sismoiberica.org\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sismoiberica.org\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5252"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/sismoiberica.org\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5252\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sismoiberica.org\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5252"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}